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Sophie Li

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Continued from Part 2:

Flip the mirror

Nick Doyle. Pip Russell. Alice Brennan. Meg Aumann.

These are the names of people who will forever hold the life-changing moments of my life.

Nick Doyle approached me to mentor hearing-impaired oral teenagers in high school in a volunteer based organization called Hear For You. At first I was skeptical. How could I mentor these kids when I couldn’t even help myself?

Instead, I met people who were like me. Most were hearing-impaired oral adults who do not sign or identify themselves as part of the deaf community. Even they had similar barriers and issues that I had.

While I was meant to be a role model for teenagers, it was the mentors and mentees who instead taught me that I was not alone in my struggles.

I could not stop talking about Hear For You. I could not speak highly enough. It was the only thing I thought about and looked forward to.

 


I am 23 and I have just moved out of home. I quickly realize how much I rely on my family for social activities and support. I knew this had to change but I didn’t know how. Until Pip invited me to a BBQ.

It was on Australia Day and I had gate crashed. I knew no-one except Pip, and the party was filled of hearing-impaired people at my age.

All could speak and sign and the most amazing thing of all, everyone understood what it was like to be deaf at a party. 

Lights were on.

No thumping music.

People repeated when one missed out.

Pip Russell was the first to introduce me to a party that I did not want to leave.

For the first time, my acute social anxiety completely disappeared.

 

 


I meet Alice through the Hear For You program. Our friendship is almost instantaneous: mentors are in disbelief that we only just met.

Soon after, Alice and I start to live with a hearing housemate, Kat. While it was the first time Kat lived with deaf people, it was also Alice’s and my first time living with deaf people too!

Now the majority is deaf in the household, so we are also figuring out strategies that work for each other as a deaf person: captions on television, flickering of lights, learning Auslan or waving for attention – all are snippets of numerous strategies that we all had to learn. Gradually, we created a ‘deaf-friendly’ place to live for all of us.

In these conversations, I quickly realized that our experiences of deafness, childhood and education were vastly different: Alice was born with a mild hearing loss, wore hearing aids until the age of 10 and received cochlear implants at 10 and 21 years of age.

Alice also lived next door to a family who had a deaf mother and two deaf children. Her school also had a strong deaf facility with 20 other deaf students and chose Auslan as a Year 11 & 12 subject at school.

On the other hand, I was born profoundly deaf. I did not learn a language until after I received my first cochlear implant. I also attended several mainstream schools with no deaf facility. My educational support consisted of speech therapy and the FM system.

In spite of our different experiences, we learned that our challenges were still similar at the end of the day. The conversations were often around our struggles, the hilarious mishaps, our achievements – which lead to exploring our aspirations for the future and for the deaf community.

By living under the same roof, we unintentionally began to normalize the experiences of being deaf.

 

 

I can not thank Alice enough – we grew, learned, explored, and inspired each other, and most importantly – more than I realized at the time – we completely understood each other. I believe it became a turning point in both of our lives in choosing our career pathways that will support the deaf community in Australia.

 

 

 

 


A part time opportunity comes up to work for Hear For You. It’ll be my first time working for a deaf organization. I have no idea what to expect.

I arrive at the Hear For You office at Vicdeaf. The office is tiny and has no windows. I learn that I have a colleague working beside me: Meg Aumann is in charge of the VIC Auslan Program while I am to lead the VIC Oral Program. The way to communicate is through Auslan: Australian Sign Language.

Thanks to a few friends teaching me a handful of signs and the alphabet, I sign my name to Meg. Slowly, we begin to communicate with each other in Auslan. Well, mostly fingerspelling. However, I could not read fingerspelling to save my life.

Meg fingerspells for me a few times in a row for me to understand. Sometimes, she writes down the few words that I could not grasp in the Auslan alphabet. I am grateful Meg is patient with me, never judging me. Week by week, I learn a few more signs and more about Meg.

I begin to grow with immense respect for Meg and begin to look forward to our chats in the office. I find Meg intelligent and generous in being open about her experiences including her time living overseas for a few years. Unconsciously, I also learn strategies Meg use to navigate in social situations, work, meetings and on the telephone. It is similar to some strategies I had observed in hearing situations. 

 

Our first presentation to the World Federation of the Deaf Conference in Sydney was an eye opener – it was the moment that I fully embraced sign language and deafness as part of my identity.

 

 


My life is now ‘Deaf proofed’

Since the day I became fluent in Australian Sign Language, my life irrevocably changed. Auslan helped me find role models that I admired. Auslan helped me find strategies that works. Auslan reduced my anxiety around social situations. In short, Auslan showed me a life that I could live as myself, including my achievements and barriers. It was the first time that my achievements and problems finally felt normal to me. No more of that “I’m special” kind of shit. Fucking knew it.

 

My imagination of the response from the deaf community when I realised I am not special.

Lol.

 

 

 

As I delved deeper into the world of Auslan and the deaf community connected with it, I noticed the seemingly minor unimportant changes happening in my life as I began to ‘deaf proof’ my house, friends and my life. The smoke alarm was changed to a deaf friendly model. I began to tell people that I will ring back using the National Relay Service, copying the number to call via the relay service. I began to become good friends with those who know Auslan (or now learning Auslan). Now I no longer felt I was the party pooper. I also discovered that I am not a morning person, and therefore no longer force myself in the mornings to wear my ‘ears’ (aka. cochlear implants)! 

Each of these changes were small, but all added up to the bigger picture: I no longer needed to change myself to ‘fit’ in any situation and I had also found my people and my place. Now I knew where I belonged, I was proud of it.

After one short year, I felt more at ease in myself and in my life than I have in the past 23 years. Suddenly, I knew no barriers or limitations. I blossomed. I grew into a better person for myself and for the people close to me.

Unlike the movies, the moment was not like flipping a switch and my life immediately changed. I still spoke, I still listen to music, I still catch up with friends who know nothing about the other half of my world. Rather, it was a slow change to embrace my bilingual identity.

I only began noticing how full life became after a few months. Then I started noticing that I no longer had break downs.

Looking back now, the people I sought help and advice from – they could have never understood what I was going through.

None of them had been deaf.

This whole time, I was seeking help from the wrong group of people.

I am 24 years old.

I finally feel happiness.

I only dream of success.                                        

As a successful deaf person.

I sing along to the music with friends.

        Signing along with the lyrics.

I am immersed in watching a thrilling movie.

        That I almost forget the captions.

I chat on the phone – anywhere and anytime.

        Video calling has changed the endgame.

Parties are just the best fun.                       

        Background music is a must.

I can hear everything going on.

        Suddenly, the world is coming to life in sign language.  

Friends have me in tears with laughter.                 

        Who knew Auslan would be the best?

I feel free to be myself.

        Deaf and proud.

Editor's Pick

    Today’s the third day of Lockdown 6.0 and I’m still processing how I feel about this. I haven’t written in a while, and I thought it was high time I got back into blogging and doing what I love, writing. There’s nothing more cathartic than writing.

    Given we only exited Lockdown 5.0 just over a week ago, it feels as if we haven’t been given an opportunity to fully enjoy life post-lockdown before being ushered back into lockdown. How do we process our feelings and thoughts post-lockdown? We’ve barely had the time to process the last lockdown and its impact on us as individuals.

    When the announcement came on Thursday morning stating that Victoria would be going back into lockdown as of 8PM, I felt numb. I didn’t have any words to describe how I felt at the time. I thought I was okay about it, but if I have to be brutally honest, I’m not okay about it. Like everyone else, I barely had two days to get used to life post-lockdown after Lockdown 5.0 was lifted. Did I get used to post-lockdown life this time around? Probably not.

    Lockdown 6.0 is due to be lifted on Thursday night, but I’m not holding my breath. Delta, a variant of COVID-19, is a sneaky fucker. The transmission rate is higher compared to other COVID-19 variants. If the Victorian Government sees the need to extend this lockdown to get the pandemic under control, then so be it. NSW is seeing case numbers in the high 200s every day, and there’s no way Victoria wants to repeat what we went through last year.

    The real question remains: how do I feel about this?

    Defeated. It feels like this virus is determined to keep us at home, apart from our loved ones. I’ve been living on my own for 6 months and whilst I love it, I miss being around people. Fuck, I miss hugs. Human touch. Connection.

    Speaking of connection, I miss being with my fellow Deaf people. I miss getting my Deaf fix. Catching up with friends on FaceTime or Zoom is wonderful, but it doesn’t replace the feeling of being able to sign with your Deaf peers in person.

    Being able to see your language in its wondrous 3D form, like it’s supposed to be.

    That feeling you get when you laugh merrily with your friends. Laughing so much until you cry.

    Being present with your Deaf self whilst being with others.

    I’ve seen many older Deaf people reminiscence on the golden days of Deaf Clubs, and how they wish for Deaf Clubs once again. Having been through five (soon to be six because this one isn’t done) lockdowns, I can empathise with them on the loss of Deaf Clubs. Opportunities for us to get our Deaf fix are now rare.

    It’s funny how you don’t realise you miss something until it’s gone…and you realise you’ve taken it for granted.

    I wanted to be able to celebrate my birthday(s) with my loved ones, but I hesitated on making plans because of the uncertainty. I do still want to be able to let my hair down and hit the town at some point, to celebrate me with my loved ones.

    Goddamn it, I fucking miss being with people.

    As a Deaf person and professional, I also miss face-to-face appointments with Auslan interpreters. For more than 18 months, like many Deaf people who use Auslan interpreters, I’ve utilised video remote interpreting for personal or professional appointments. Whilst VRI is fantastic and has grown so much the last two years ago, I miss being able to engage with my interpreters in person. The opportunity to debrief and/or chat with the interpreter(s) afterwards is rare as hen’s teeth nowadays. These 10 minutes you get to connect with your interpreters – oh how that feels rather sentimental.

    Zoom closes. Interpreter moves onto their next job. I (or other Deaf person) move onto the next task or meeting.

    I do love being able to stay in touch with family and friends through social media, text messaging and video calls. It does get tiring at times – so I need to keep reminding myself that other people are doing their best to stay in touch too.

    It’s also hard to stay motivated during this time, too. I’ve had to put my platform – I Sign. I Wander., and Deaf Stories on hiatus – simply because I don’t have the motivation. I also have a few personal projects planned, but I haven’t been able to find the motivation to get started.

    I’ve been trying to stay kind to myself, but when things become repetitive, it gets to the point where I say “fuck this, I’m just doing the bare minimum“.

    I shower, I feed myself, I go to work (at home), and I make sure I am warm and healthy. I have things I can do around the house. I have books. I have Netflix.

    Until this outbreak eases, there’s not much I can do but to keep doing what I’ve been doing and to remain connected with my loved ones in ways that works the best for us.

    So, to say… I still don’t know how I feel. I’m getting there though. Maybe next time I write, I’ll have a better idea. But until then, I’ll continue processing this.

    See you on the flipside,

    S xx

     

    Deaf Stories was originally established with a vision of deaf people sharing their experiences as business owners. With Janelle Whalan as my filming assistant, we interviewed four deaf people – Neil Wood, Bobbie Blackson, and Ivan Callaghan & Nicole Cooke about their businesses. The first round of Deaf Stories was funded by Deaf Services’ Life Enrichment Grant which helped us to cover expenses such as travel, software, equipment and other costs associated with Deaf Stories. 

    After filming, editing and releasing each interview, the engagement from the deaf community I envisioned wasn’t happening. Something was missing.

    I saw there was a dire need for deaf people to share their stories on a public platform. With deaf clubs disappearing from our very own eyes, where were opportunities for deaf people to share their stories in a casual and relaxing environment? 

    One of my favourite memories from my childhood was when deaf children from various schools across Southeast Queensland would get together for a day to celebrate Deafness Awareness Week at New Farm Park in Brisbane. Every year I wound find myself sitting with my fellow deaf peers watching Julie Lyons tell stories through Auslan and visual vernacular. The feeling of being captivated and being taken into another world through a deaf person’s storytelling skills – that was something I carried with me for so many years. I still carry this feeling with me today.

    Deaf people are notorious for being excellent storytellers. This is because storytelling is a fundamental part of the deaf community. Ledwith (2011) stated that stories act as social-cultural glue, which means they define societies, cultures, and communities. Like sign language, storytelling acts as glue to bring the deaf community together.

    For the second round of Deaf Stories, I was planning on reframing it to include stories from various deaf people around the country. My original plans were thrown out of the window when Australia was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. With travel restrictions in place, this meant I was now unable to travel around the country collecting stories from deaf and hard of hearing Australians.

    The first couple of weeks in lockdown, I watched numerous creators change their plans and projects. I also saw a number of friends in the arts make changes to their projects. Everything had to be moved online. That gave me the idea: why not make Deaf Stories an online platform for the deaf community watch interviews happen in real time? Give the deaf community a sense of belonging, similar to being at a deaf club. Hence the decision to reframe it as Deaf Stories LIVE.

    The first Deaf Stories LIVE interview with Andrew Wiltshire was a huge success. I saw the engagement I had longed to achieve. I saw deaf, hard of hearing and hearing people respond to the interview. 

    Through the first interview, Andrew displayed his skills as a brilliant storyteller. According to Davis Haggerty (2007), being a skilled storyteller becomes an influential trait in the deaf community. Andrew is considered a role model to many deaf people. 

    Role models like Andrew are essential in the deaf community, particularly for young deaf people who are still figuring out their identities. Young deaf people should have access to role models within the deaf community, as Sutton-Spence (2010) believes it helps young deaf people to develop their personal, linguistic, and social identities.

    Nović (2016) says deaf culture is founded on storytelling; it’s a culture obsessed with its own language.  With the use of sign language such as Auslan, we work on the art of storytelling in various forms such as poetry, visual vernacular, sign singing, etc. It’s not something that is perfected overnight; it takes a lot of practice and consultation by our fellow deaf peers to ensure the stories are easy to understand through Deaf eyes.

    Deaf people often learn best through storytelling. We are encouraged to participate through participation and understanding; belonging and confidence grows as we are listened to, valued and taken seriously (Ledwith, 2011). Without storytelling, how can change occur within the deaf community? How can we learn about the world around us? How can we connect with the deaf community using the Deaf experience?

    “We tell our stories to transform ourselves; to learn about our history and tell our experiences to transcend them; to use our stories to make a difference in our world; to broaden our perspective to see further than normal; to act beyond a story that may have imprisoned or enslaved us; to live more of our spiritual and earthly potential.” ~ Rachel Freed (2011)

    Storytelling empowers deaf and hard of hearing people to share their experiences; to start discussion; and to create change within the community and in the mainstream. Change doesn’t occur without sharing personal stories. Stories also encourages us to connect with and understand each other better. 

    I strongly believe in the power of storytelling and it’s why I chose to frame Deaf Stories around the notion of storytelling we have come to know and enjoy for many years within the deaf community.

    In my next blog/vlog, I will be talking about vulnerability and why it’s an important element in storytelling.

    Big love, 
    S x

    References:
    Davis Haggerty, L. (2007). Storytelling and leadership in the Deaf community. Rochester Institute of Technology, USA.

    Freed, R. (2011). The Importance of Telling Our Stories.

    Ledwith, M. (2011). Chapter Three: Doing Community Development in Community Development – A Critical Approach.

    Nović, S. (2016). At Home in Deaf Culture: Storytelling in an Un-Writable Language.

    Sutton-Spence, R. (2010). The Role of Sign Language Narratives in Developing Identity for Deaf Children. Journal of Folklore Research.


Leave A Comment

  1. […] To be continued in Part 3 […]

  2. Buffy Harrison February 1, 2017 at 4:07 pm - Reply

    Hi Sophie – I’m Buffy Harrison. We met when you came to one of the Wimmera Hearing Society’s Deaf Expo’s in Horsham to promote Hear for You. My Signing Choir performed a couple of songs at this event, which I remember you loved. One of my choir signers, Cate Dunn, came to a Hear for You program afterwards. Your story “Deaf-Proofing My Life” is a wonderful read – any chance I can put it in the Feb issue of the Wimmera Hearing Society’s Newsletter? I would obviously acknowledge all relevant parties and photographers. I still teach Auslan at Horsham Primary School for Preps, Ones and Twos, and continue to run a Signing Choir every year. All the best, Buffy

    • Sherrie February 1, 2017 at 5:19 pm - Reply

      Hi Buffy,

      I’ve shown your comment to Sophie – she said thank you for your beautiful comment. She’s happy for you to publish her story in your newsletter. It would be a good idea to split it up into 3 newsletters, but that’s completely up to you 🙂

      Cheers,

      Sherrie.

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Related Posts

    Today’s the third day of Lockdown 6.0 and I’m still processing how I feel about this. I haven’t written in a while, and I thought it was high time I got back into blogging and doing what I love, writing. There’s nothing more cathartic than writing.

    Given we only exited Lockdown 5.0 just over a week ago, it feels as if we haven’t been given an opportunity to fully enjoy life post-lockdown before being ushered back into lockdown. How do we process our feelings and thoughts post-lockdown? We’ve barely had the time to process the last lockdown and its impact on us as individuals.

    When the announcement came on Thursday morning stating that Victoria would be going back into lockdown as of 8PM, I felt numb. I didn’t have any words to describe how I felt at the time. I thought I was okay about it, but if I have to be brutally honest, I’m not okay about it. Like everyone else, I barely had two days to get used to life post-lockdown after Lockdown 5.0 was lifted. Did I get used to post-lockdown life this time around? Probably not.

    Lockdown 6.0 is due to be lifted on Thursday night, but I’m not holding my breath. Delta, a variant of COVID-19, is a sneaky fucker. The transmission rate is higher compared to other COVID-19 variants. If the Victorian Government sees the need to extend this lockdown to get the pandemic under control, then so be it. NSW is seeing case numbers in the high 200s every day, and there’s no way Victoria wants to repeat what we went through last year.

    The real question remains: how do I feel about this?

    Defeated. It feels like this virus is determined to keep us at home, apart from our loved ones. I’ve been living on my own for 6 months and whilst I love it, I miss being around people. Fuck, I miss hugs. Human touch. Connection.

    Speaking of connection, I miss being with my fellow Deaf people. I miss getting my Deaf fix. Catching up with friends on FaceTime or Zoom is wonderful, but it doesn’t replace the feeling of being able to sign with your Deaf peers in person.

    Being able to see your language in its wondrous 3D form, like it’s supposed to be.

    That feeling you get when you laugh merrily with your friends. Laughing so much until you cry.

    Being present with your Deaf self whilst being with others.

    I’ve seen many older Deaf people reminiscence on the golden days of Deaf Clubs, and how they wish for Deaf Clubs once again. Having been through five (soon to be six because this one isn’t done) lockdowns, I can empathise with them on the loss of Deaf Clubs. Opportunities for us to get our Deaf fix are now rare.

    It’s funny how you don’t realise you miss something until it’s gone…and you realise you’ve taken it for granted.

    I wanted to be able to celebrate my birthday(s) with my loved ones, but I hesitated on making plans because of the uncertainty. I do still want to be able to let my hair down and hit the town at some point, to celebrate me with my loved ones.

    Goddamn it, I fucking miss being with people.

    As a Deaf person and professional, I also miss face-to-face appointments with Auslan interpreters. For more than 18 months, like many Deaf people who use Auslan interpreters, I’ve utilised video remote interpreting for personal or professional appointments. Whilst VRI is fantastic and has grown so much the last two years ago, I miss being able to engage with my interpreters in person. The opportunity to debrief and/or chat with the interpreter(s) afterwards is rare as hen’s teeth nowadays. These 10 minutes you get to connect with your interpreters – oh how that feels rather sentimental.

    Zoom closes. Interpreter moves onto their next job. I (or other Deaf person) move onto the next task or meeting.

    I do love being able to stay in touch with family and friends through social media, text messaging and video calls. It does get tiring at times – so I need to keep reminding myself that other people are doing their best to stay in touch too.

    It’s also hard to stay motivated during this time, too. I’ve had to put my platform – I Sign. I Wander., and Deaf Stories on hiatus – simply because I don’t have the motivation. I also have a few personal projects planned, but I haven’t been able to find the motivation to get started.

    I’ve been trying to stay kind to myself, but when things become repetitive, it gets to the point where I say “fuck this, I’m just doing the bare minimum“.

    I shower, I feed myself, I go to work (at home), and I make sure I am warm and healthy. I have things I can do around the house. I have books. I have Netflix.

    Until this outbreak eases, there’s not much I can do but to keep doing what I’ve been doing and to remain connected with my loved ones in ways that works the best for us.

    So, to say… I still don’t know how I feel. I’m getting there though. Maybe next time I write, I’ll have a better idea. But until then, I’ll continue processing this.

    See you on the flipside,

    S xx

     

    Deaf Stories was originally established with a vision of deaf people sharing their experiences as business owners. With Janelle Whalan as my filming assistant, we interviewed four deaf people – Neil Wood, Bobbie Blackson, and Ivan Callaghan & Nicole Cooke about their businesses. The first round of Deaf Stories was funded by Deaf Services’ Life Enrichment Grant which helped us to cover expenses such as travel, software, equipment and other costs associated with Deaf Stories. 

    After filming, editing and releasing each interview, the engagement from the deaf community I envisioned wasn’t happening. Something was missing.

    I saw there was a dire need for deaf people to share their stories on a public platform. With deaf clubs disappearing from our very own eyes, where were opportunities for deaf people to share their stories in a casual and relaxing environment? 

    One of my favourite memories from my childhood was when deaf children from various schools across Southeast Queensland would get together for a day to celebrate Deafness Awareness Week at New Farm Park in Brisbane. Every year I wound find myself sitting with my fellow deaf peers watching Julie Lyons tell stories through Auslan and visual vernacular. The feeling of being captivated and being taken into another world through a deaf person’s storytelling skills – that was something I carried with me for so many years. I still carry this feeling with me today.

    Deaf people are notorious for being excellent storytellers. This is because storytelling is a fundamental part of the deaf community. Ledwith (2011) stated that stories act as social-cultural glue, which means they define societies, cultures, and communities. Like sign language, storytelling acts as glue to bring the deaf community together.

    For the second round of Deaf Stories, I was planning on reframing it to include stories from various deaf people around the country. My original plans were thrown out of the window when Australia was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. With travel restrictions in place, this meant I was now unable to travel around the country collecting stories from deaf and hard of hearing Australians.

    The first couple of weeks in lockdown, I watched numerous creators change their plans and projects. I also saw a number of friends in the arts make changes to their projects. Everything had to be moved online. That gave me the idea: why not make Deaf Stories an online platform for the deaf community watch interviews happen in real time? Give the deaf community a sense of belonging, similar to being at a deaf club. Hence the decision to reframe it as Deaf Stories LIVE.

    The first Deaf Stories LIVE interview with Andrew Wiltshire was a huge success. I saw the engagement I had longed to achieve. I saw deaf, hard of hearing and hearing people respond to the interview. 

    Through the first interview, Andrew displayed his skills as a brilliant storyteller. According to Davis Haggerty (2007), being a skilled storyteller becomes an influential trait in the deaf community. Andrew is considered a role model to many deaf people. 

    Role models like Andrew are essential in the deaf community, particularly for young deaf people who are still figuring out their identities. Young deaf people should have access to role models within the deaf community, as Sutton-Spence (2010) believes it helps young deaf people to develop their personal, linguistic, and social identities.

    Nović (2016) says deaf culture is founded on storytelling; it’s a culture obsessed with its own language.  With the use of sign language such as Auslan, we work on the art of storytelling in various forms such as poetry, visual vernacular, sign singing, etc. It’s not something that is perfected overnight; it takes a lot of practice and consultation by our fellow deaf peers to ensure the stories are easy to understand through Deaf eyes.

    Deaf people often learn best through storytelling. We are encouraged to participate through participation and understanding; belonging and confidence grows as we are listened to, valued and taken seriously (Ledwith, 2011). Without storytelling, how can change occur within the deaf community? How can we learn about the world around us? How can we connect with the deaf community using the Deaf experience?

    “We tell our stories to transform ourselves; to learn about our history and tell our experiences to transcend them; to use our stories to make a difference in our world; to broaden our perspective to see further than normal; to act beyond a story that may have imprisoned or enslaved us; to live more of our spiritual and earthly potential.” ~ Rachel Freed (2011)

    Storytelling empowers deaf and hard of hearing people to share their experiences; to start discussion; and to create change within the community and in the mainstream. Change doesn’t occur without sharing personal stories. Stories also encourages us to connect with and understand each other better. 

    I strongly believe in the power of storytelling and it’s why I chose to frame Deaf Stories around the notion of storytelling we have come to know and enjoy for many years within the deaf community.

    In my next blog/vlog, I will be talking about vulnerability and why it’s an important element in storytelling.

    Big love, 
    S x

    References:
    Davis Haggerty, L. (2007). Storytelling and leadership in the Deaf community. Rochester Institute of Technology, USA.

    Freed, R. (2011). The Importance of Telling Our Stories.

    Ledwith, M. (2011). Chapter Three: Doing Community Development in Community Development – A Critical Approach.

    Nović, S. (2016). At Home in Deaf Culture: Storytelling in an Un-Writable Language.

    Sutton-Spence, R. (2010). The Role of Sign Language Narratives in Developing Identity for Deaf Children. Journal of Folklore Research.